Ocean/atmosphere general circulation

Key features of ocean atmosphere general circulation Oceanic and atmospheric circulation is the means by which heat (thermal energy) is distributed on the surface of the Earth by large scale circulation of air. Atmospheric circulation, on one hand, occurs as a result of convection.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Ocean/atmosphere general circulation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Parts of the Earth surface near the equator receive more heat energy than any other regions near to the poles. Thus, heated low density air at the equator rises and spreads at the top of the troposphere toward the poles. The rotation of Earth, however, creates Coriolis Effect which complicates this circulation pattern of cold and warm air and hence influences atmosphere general circulation. Latitudinal circulation features are thus influenced by the relative rotation of Earth and motion winds over the surface. High pressure winds in the northern hemisphere are deflected in a clockwise direction under the influence of Coriolis Effect. In the southern hemisphere, however, winds are deflected in a counter- clockwise direction. Again, it is due to Coriolis Effect that the pattern of oceanic and atmospheric circulation is disintegrated into various belts referred to as Polar, Ferrel or Hardeley cells. Longitudinal circulation features, on the other hand, are caused by disparities in temperature, which is in turn influenced by the differences in specific heat capacities of water and land. Thus, the extent of oceanic and atmospheric circulation are determined by the distribution of land and water masses Necessary ingredients for circulation Ocean and atmosphere general circulation are influenced by three principle forces: gravity, pressure effect and Corriolis. The effect of rotation of Earth also generates another important frictional force. Frictional force exerts an additional horizontal effect on the atmospher e near the surface of Earth. The presence of ocean water, on the other hand, is also critical to atmosphere general circulation. Convection heat transfer also plays a significant role in atmospheric circulation process. Solar thermal energy is absorbed by liquid water in the oceans turning water into warm moist air in the atmosphere which redistributes this heat around the planet.Advertising Looking for coursework on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Importance for the climate The atmosphere and oceans are two most crucial and indispensable water reservoirs in the hydrological cycle. The two systems work hand in hand to regulate temperature, circulation of water and influence weather and the climate. Ocean and atmosphere circulation, the distribution of water and land masses as well as the topography of land moderates the worlds’ climate. Without all these features, the most significant climatic zon es would only occur in belts parallel to the equator. How flow in the atmospheres are consistent with relative rotation rates The balance between pressure gradient force and gravity determines the vertical distribution of mass in the atmosphere. Gravity, however, only operates in horizontal direction and does not exert any horizontal force. The horizontal balance is created by the action of both the pressure-gradient force and Coriolis Effect, leading to a steady geostrophic flow. As a result, steady geostrophic flow mainly occurs in the horizontal direction and is what is commonly known as general atmospheric circulation. Due to friction with the surface, rotation of the planets modifies the horizontal flow of the atmosphere below 1 kilometer altitude. This, therefore, explains how flow in the atmospheres of Venus, Earth, and Jupiter are consistent with their relative rotation rates and is attested by practical fluid experiments. This coursework on Ocean/atmosphere general circulation was written and submitted by user Ray Wolfe to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Funny Birthday Card Messages and Quotes

Funny Birthday Card Messages and Quotes Theres not much better  than a spot-on,  hilarious  line  to tickle your funny bone. Everyone wants to wish the birthday person Happy birthday in their own style so why not use some humor? Some people like to use inspirational birthday quotes  to express their good wishes, while  others enjoy making witty comments about birthdays. However, the ones that are always appealing are the funny birthday quotes. Humor can be a great stress-buster, especially if your comedic timing is on point.   How Much Is Too Much? Jokes are always great icebreakers, but what if you cross the threshold of decency? What if your joke, instead of causing ripples of laughter, causes bubbles of fury? To be able to deliver a funny birthday message, you need to be sensitive towards others. If the birthday person has a low tolerance for personal jokes, steer clear of the common pitfalls. That means, no jokes about weight, color, race, gender, or any physical deformity. Politically incorrect humor can boomerang, especially when used in birthday cards. Funny birthday wishes that tease someone about their habits, fears, or idiosyncrasies are usually considered acceptable.Humor also has to be tailored keeping in mind your relation to the birthday person. If you are sending a birthday wish to a very close friend or family member, you can be more wicked in your humor. But you may want to think twice about using dirty humor with your  boss, for example. The Done to Death Humor Some jokes are fun the first time you read them, however, when you read the same joke year after year, you tend to get tired of it it is hard to even smile over the stale joke. If you want to pep up your friend with funny quotes, make sure that you have not used them before. If you cant create your own humor, use the help of random funny quotes to create your own humorous line. Say What You Mean, Mean What You Say Humor is a potent medium of communication, and sometimes you run the risk of over communicating. What does that mean? Well, some jokes are full of innuendo, leaving room for different types of interpretation. So watch out for the ones that take off on a tangent. If you intend to use a pun, make sure that you are not offending anybodys sensibilities. How to Use Funny Birthday Messages To successfully pull off a side-splitting birthday message, heres what to do: Think about the person you are sending the birthday message to, and ask yourself, Whats unique about this person? Perhaps she or he is lazy, a workaholic, perhaps she has many pets or is a stickler for cleanliness. Then use this information to scout around the Internet for funny birthday quotes. Having found one that fits the bill, you can either use the original or tweak it to suit your humor style. That way, youll have an original greeting every time you send out birthday wishes. Famous Funny Birthday Quotes   Bette DavisOld age is not for sissies. ​ Satchel PaigeHow old would you be if you didnt know how old you are?​ Mitch Hedberg I wanted to buy a candle holder, but the store didnt have one. So I got a cake. ​ Doug CouplandHandmade presents are scary because they reveal that you have too much free time. ​ Norman WisdomAs you get older, three things happen: The first is your memory goes, and I cant remember the other two.   Franklin AdamsThe worst gift is a fruitcake. There is only one fruitcake in the entire world, and people keep sending it to each other. ​ Al FormanI occasionally get birthday cards from fans. But it’s often the same message: They hope it’s my last. ​ J. P. SearsLet us respect gray hairs, especially our own.​ Maurice ChevalierOld age isn’t so bad when you consider the alternative. ​ Benny HillHave you noticed that all the people in favor of birth control are already born? ​ Friedrich NietzscheBlessed are the forgetful: for they get the better even of their blunders. ​ Josh BillingsEvery man has his follies and often they are the most interesting thing he has got. ​ Jane AustenYou have delighted us long enough. I have met a lot of hardboiled eggs in my time, but youre twenty minutes. Sometimes the road less traveled is less traveled for a reason. ​ Bill CosbyA word to the wise aint necessary its the stupid ones that need the advice. ​ C. E. M. JoadMen are like wine. Some turn to vinegar, but the best improve with age. ​ John P. GrierYou are only young once, but you can be immature for a lifetime. ​ Jim GaffiganPie can’t compete with cake. Put candles in a cake, it’s a birthday cake. Put candles in a pie, and somebody’s drunk in the kitchen. ​ Steven WrightFor my birthday I got a humidifier and a dehumidifier. I put them in the same room and let them fight it out. I can stand brute force, but brute reason is quite unbearable. There is something unfair about its use. It is hitting below the intellect. ​ Dorothy ParkerIf you want to know what God thinks of money, just look at the people he gave it to. ​ Colonel SandersTheres no reason to be the richest man in the cemetery. You cant do any business from there. ​ Jack HandeyBefore you criticize someone, you should walk a mile in their shoes. That way when you criticize them, you are a mile away from them and you have their shoes.

How Phisically Disabled Students Can Improve with Mobility Research Paper

How Phisically Disabled Students Can Improve with Mobility - Research Paper Example How Physically Disabled Students Can Improve With Mobility Skill Training According to Barnes and Whinnery (2002), the study that they conducted and analyzed was based on how the Mobility Opportunities Via Education (MOVE) curriculum impacted young students that had physical disabilities. Five students who were in elementary school were in the study test group to determine how this curriculum would help the them functionally walk despite their severe physical disabilities. Throughout this study, many tests and measures of the students' results were taken to see how if this newly-designed curriculum helped them progress in their learning process. Research Problem The problem addressed in this article discussed the issues of how Mobility Skills Training curriculum would help children progress physically, educationally and cognitively when the method of teaching was re-routed. Teaching young students that have severe disabilities can be difficult as they must overcome hurdles that other children do not. This analysis is imperative to help young students find new ways to grow and become better functioning students and in the future, adults so they will not be completely hindered because of their disability but instead make the most of their existing abilities. The hypothesis of this research is that the new curriculum will help the students progress and improvements will be recorded at the start, intervention and conclusion points of the experiment. Literature Review There are multiple points in the literary analysis by Barnes and Whinnery that can shed light on the background and necessity of the MOVE technique and how it could help students improve. One of the first key points is that all students regardless of their disability, if they are enrolled in a special education program, they are entitled to additional educational programs such as physical and occupational therapies. This is an educational minimum standard throughout the United States. According to rese arch in addressed by this article, therapists in educational environments have training that fulfills the medical side of a students' needs that add to the already in place educational goal (Craig, Haggart & Hull, 1999; Dunn, 1989; Rainforth & York-Barr, 1997). Secondly, another main point behind this research is that therapists usually try to correct the students rather than advocate that their behaviors are actually a norm for them, therefore, trying to build a different quality of life where a child may feel less successful when compared to a mainstream 'normal' student (Campbell, McInerney, &Cooper, 1984; Fetters, 1991). Lastly, a major key point is that these basic therapeutic programs do not necessarily help to increase the development of their functionality in a normal setting, but instead are just taught to perform at a minimal functionality due to their disability. Their standards are typically lower because of their physical disability (Rainforth & York-Barr, 1997). Method Research Format This experiment is primarily qualitative because there is a complete, detailed aim rather than a measure to test statistics. The outcome was subjective because it interprets the events through observation rather than seek measurements and analysis. The MOVE curriculum

Business process modiling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business process modiling - Essay Example SSP extends their services even to the public sectors in which they commonly deal with matters to do with invoicing among others within the Australian economy. Financial processing is usually very critical and the more reliable the customer perceives the company, the more the trust. It is, therefore, essential that firms handle their financial processes such as invoicing in a more accurate, efficient and reliable manner that can meet the satisfaction of the customers. This is the reason why SSP is restructuring its operations to meet these goals having received myriad complains from its customers. In order to attain this objective, process modelling is identifiably the most significant method that can be used. Technically, the method uses visual analysis and design to gain insight into the challenging process with the application of Business Process Model and Notation (language). This technique is vital in evaluating the status of the SSP and recommending what can be done to enhance the future. This report aims at comprehensively evaluating two processes that can help address the issues of the SSP. Initially, a choreography illustration is presented to demonstrate the relationship SSP has with its primary stakeholders such as the clients. The second diagram is a more sophisticated demonstration of the collaboration SSP has in its operation. It critically analysis how process run within the firm and how invoices (as at now) move in straight into the company. In a nutshell, the above mentioned process models are meant to determine how SSP invoicing system functions and contextu alize the relationships/interactions the organization has with the primary entities. Moreover, this report assesses governance of SSP through lenses of ‘governance structure and model conventions’. To gain a deep understanding of the nuances of the functional processes and value chain activities going on the company, a functional matrix is applied. It is virtually possible

Martin Luther King Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Martin Luther King - Essay Example Throughout your letter, you explain to them why your demonstrations were necessary as a means of bringing in the interest and attention of the northern white people and force change in the laws for the benefit of black citizens of the South. You also indicate why it was appropriate and even incumbent upon you, as a minister, to stand up for the human rights of your people rather than to allow them to continue to be so poorly treated. Finally, you demonstrate your connection with your people by pointing out to these ministers why the timing of your demonstrations had to be now as society had finally reached a boiling point when some action was bound to occur. In your closing words, you criticize these other ministers for not helping you find a peaceful means for the people to express their frustration and to act in the name of human goodness. While it is true that your efforts throughout your life did bring about significant change for the better in getting many of these segregation l aws abolished, speaking as a citizen of the 21st century, I regret to tell you that things haven’t really changed all that much. In the 45 years since you wrote your letter, psychologists and sociologists have discovered more and more about the effects of the past upon the reactions of the present within the human mind. Recent investigation has proven that racism is rooted in dysfunctional belief systems resulting from distorted perceptions formed over a period of time as beliefs and practices are passed from one generation to the next. We cannot ignore the significant role of the socio-cultural environment in shaping perceptual patterns. In addition, it is well known that people are inclined to respond on the basis of their own experience when it comes to social interactions and social biases such as racism. Therefore, people who have

Inflow performance relationship

Inflow performance relationship 1. What is IPR and uses of IPR? IPR stands for Inflow Performance Relationship. The relation between the flow rate (q) and the flowing bottom-hole pressure (Pwf) states the inflow performance relationship. For a gas well to flow there must be a pressure differential from the reservoir to the well bore and the fluid characteristics and changes with time. There is a linear relationship between the reservoirs producing at the pressures above the bubble point pressure, this is the pressure when Pwf is greater or equal to bubble point pressure. Inflow Performance Relations The linear form of an IPR represents the Productivity Index (PI), which is the inverse of the slope of IPR. The gas reservoir is deliberately evaluated using the well inflow performance relationship (IPR). Gas well IPR also depends on the flow conditions, that is, transient, steady state or pseudo state flows which are determined by reservoir boundary conditions. Uses of IPR: It is special type of measurement property which is used to measure life and productivity of reservoir. Inflow performance relationship is useful as a tool monitor well performance and predicts the simulation and artificial lift requirements of a number of wells. In order to check or correct the size of a well to an accurate value IPR of a well must be known. 2. List three main factors affecting IPR? The three important factors affecting IPR are: Pressure inside the reservoir. Nature of reservoir fluids. Types of rocks. 3. Explain inflow and outflow performance? Inflow performance of a reservoir is defined as the functional relationship between the flowing bottom-hole and the resulting flow rate. It is the rate at which fluid will flow towards the wellbore and depends on the viscosity of the fluid, the permeability of the rock, and the driving force. For a gas well to flow there must be a pressure difference from reservoir to the well-bore at the reservoir depth. If the well-bore pressure is equal to the reservoir pressure there can be no inflow. If the well-bore pressure is zero , the inflow would be a maximum possible i.e the Absolute Open Flow (AOF). For intermediate well-bore pressures, the inflow will vary. For each reservoir, there will be unique relationship between the inflow rate and wellbore pressure. For a heterogeneous reservoir, the inflow performance might differ from one well to another. The performance is commonly defined in term of a plot of surface production rate (stb/d) versus flowing bottom hole pressure (pwf in psi). Several models are available for determining the different types of Inflow performance Relation; they are Straight line flow, Vogels method, Future IPR flows, The Fetkovich method and many more. Outflow Performance involves fluid flow through flow through the production tubular, the wellhead and the surface flow line. In general the fluid flow involves the pressure difference across each segment of the fluid flow. Calculating the pressure drop at each segment is serious problem as it involves the simultaneous flow of oil, gas and water(multiphase flow), which implies the pressure drop dependent on many variables in which some of them are inter-related. Due to this, it is very difficult to find an analytical solution. Instead, empirical formulas and mathematical models have been developed and used for predicting the pressure drop in multiphase flow. In order to obtain the realistic results, it is therefore important to define the input parameters carefully, through close co-operation with production engineers and to check the results of the Vertical Flow Performance which is also called as the Outflow Performance. 4. State and explain Darcys Equation? Darcys Law states the fundamental law of fluid motion in the porous media. It is used to describe the flow of fluid particles, which includes oil, water gas, through petroleum reservoirs. It also governs the flow of the particles through the porous media and describes the relationship between the flow rate, pressure drop and fluid resistance. The mathematical expression developed by Henry Darcy in 1865 states that the fluid travelling in a the velocity of a homogeneous fluid in a porous medium is proportional to the pressure gradient and inversely proportional to the fluid viscosity. For a horizontal linear system, this relationship is: where: Are the elevations at the top and bottom of the porous material or porous medium. Gives the length of the sand filter and is given by the equation ?l = z1 z2 p1,p2 Is the pressure due to the water flow, measured by manometers above and below the sand filter. H1,H2 Represents the hydraulic head at the inlet and outlet of the tank and expressed as the sum of pressure head and elevation head. By a series of experiments, Darcy established that, for the same sand, the discharge Q is: proportional to the cross-sectional area A: Q ~ A; Proportional to the difference in the height of the water: Q ~ (H2 H1); notice that because H2 Inversely proportional to the flow length through the porous material: Q ~ 1/?l. Darcy published the results of his experiment, and its law in 1856, opening the era of the groundwater hydrology. The same conclusions can be drawn no matter if the flow is vertical, horizontal, or in any other direction Different porous media models to illustrate Darcys experiment n is the apparent velocity in centimeters per second and is equal to q/A, where q is the volumetric flow rate in cubic centimeters per second and A is total cross-sectional area of the rock in square centimeters. In other words, A includes the area of the rock material as well as the area of the pore channels. The fluid viscosity,  µ, is expressed in centipoises units, and the pressure gradient, dp/dx, is in atmospheres per centimeter, taken in the same direction as nand q. The proportionality constant, k, is the permeability of the rock expressed in Darcy units. The negative sign is because the pressure gradient is negative in the direction of flow. Laminar (viscous) flow Steady-state flow Incompressible fluids Homogeneous formation For turbulent flow, which occurs at higher velocities, the pressure gradient increases at a greater rate than does the flow rate and a special modification of Darcys equation is needed. When turbulent flow exists, the application of Darcys equation can result in serious errors References: Standard Handbook of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering (2nd Edition) Edited by: Lyons, William C.; Plisga, Gary J.  © 2005 Elsevier Natural Gas Engineering Handbook By: Guo, Boyun; Ghalambor, Ali  © 2005 Gulf Publishing Company Gas Well Deliquification (2nd Edition) By: Lea, James F.; Nickens, Henry V.; Wells, Mike R.  © 2008 Elsevier http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AkjWIut5Ll0Cpg=PA28dq=outflow+performance#v=onepageq=outflow%20performancef=false

Why People Gamble Essays -- Gambling Addiction Money Essays

Why People Gamble For centuries, people have indulged in different types of gambling: poker, horse races, bingo, lottery, and slot machines. Gambling has seduced any and almost everyone between the ages of sixteen and ninety years old. Before turning eighteen, the legal age of casino and horse race admittance, those younger make monetary bets on football and high school stunts. Gambling is even more prevalent today than it was yesterday with the added attraction of on-line casinos, offering jackpot equivalent to twenty years salary in exchange for a credit card / debit card number. Gambling was suppressed in the 1920's as a result of Prohibition and because of this will forever lure people into its taboo trap. Gambling as sport is hard to resist because it offers immediate gratification. Not only is there a chance that you may quadruple the amount of money that you lay down, a literal payoff, but there is also a feeling of hope, an alternate limbo between reality and fantasy that can be translated int o a sort of mental payoff. The question is: is it all about the money? It couldn't be all about the money, unless the general public was extremely stupid. The odds of winning the lottery are lesser than the odds of someone being struck by lightning (1 in 649,739) or than someone being killed by a terrorist attack abroad (1 in 650,000). (7). It has been said, "If you bought 100 tickets a week your entire adult life, from the age of 18 to 75, you'd have a 1 percent chance of winning the lottery". (7) Now, a number of psychological studies have been done which indicate that the desire to play the lottery has more to do with the inability or unconcern of a person to calculate the total sum of their own money over time spent of th... ...ody responds well to their desire to gamble, to diversify, to extend their minds and risk. Whether it be monetary, behavioral or just plain desire to risk, humans are drawn towards the new and the chancy. It is the danger of loss and the thrill of life that keeps us breathing. Works Consulted: 1)Alvarez,A. The Biggest Game in Town. New York: Chronicle Books, 2002. 2)Brunson,Doyle. Doyle Brunson's Super System. Cardoza Pub, 1979. 3)Dostoeyevsky,Fyodor. The Gambler. New York: Viking Press, 1966. Sources Consulted: 4)http://www.norc.uchicago.edu/new/gamb-fin.htm 5)http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2001/05/010524062100.htm 6)http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=0004400A-E6F5-1C5E-B882809EC588ED9F 7)http://www.gnxp.com/MT2/archives/001309.html 8)http://www.reflection-idea.com/psychics.html 9)http://hanson.gmu.edu/gamble.html Why People Gamble Essays -- Gambling Addiction Money Essays Why People Gamble For centuries, people have indulged in different types of gambling: poker, horse races, bingo, lottery, and slot machines. Gambling has seduced any and almost everyone between the ages of sixteen and ninety years old. Before turning eighteen, the legal age of casino and horse race admittance, those younger make monetary bets on football and high school stunts. Gambling is even more prevalent today than it was yesterday with the added attraction of on-line casinos, offering jackpot equivalent to twenty years salary in exchange for a credit card / debit card number. Gambling was suppressed in the 1920's as a result of Prohibition and because of this will forever lure people into its taboo trap. Gambling as sport is hard to resist because it offers immediate gratification. Not only is there a chance that you may quadruple the amount of money that you lay down, a literal payoff, but there is also a feeling of hope, an alternate limbo between reality and fantasy that can be translated int o a sort of mental payoff. The question is: is it all about the money? It couldn't be all about the money, unless the general public was extremely stupid. The odds of winning the lottery are lesser than the odds of someone being struck by lightning (1 in 649,739) or than someone being killed by a terrorist attack abroad (1 in 650,000). (7). It has been said, "If you bought 100 tickets a week your entire adult life, from the age of 18 to 75, you'd have a 1 percent chance of winning the lottery". (7) Now, a number of psychological studies have been done which indicate that the desire to play the lottery has more to do with the inability or unconcern of a person to calculate the total sum of their own money over time spent of th... ...ody responds well to their desire to gamble, to diversify, to extend their minds and risk. Whether it be monetary, behavioral or just plain desire to risk, humans are drawn towards the new and the chancy. It is the danger of loss and the thrill of life that keeps us breathing. Works Consulted: 1)Alvarez,A. The Biggest Game in Town. New York: Chronicle Books, 2002. 2)Brunson,Doyle. Doyle Brunson's Super System. Cardoza Pub, 1979. 3)Dostoeyevsky,Fyodor. The Gambler. New York: Viking Press, 1966. Sources Consulted: 4)http://www.norc.uchicago.edu/new/gamb-fin.htm 5)http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2001/05/010524062100.htm 6)http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=0004400A-E6F5-1C5E-B882809EC588ED9F 7)http://www.gnxp.com/MT2/archives/001309.html 8)http://www.reflection-idea.com/psychics.html 9)http://hanson.gmu.edu/gamble.html